Authors: Pourmoradi, N., Ameli, M., Ameli, H.

 

Abstract:

Hybrid electric platforms increasingly combine batteries, supercapacitors (SCs), and, in some cases, fuel cells to meet transient power demands while extending component life. This chapter presents a control-oriented, stochastic design framework that unifies modeling, converter topology, and energy management. Batteries and SCs are represented with identifiable equivalent-circuit models that capture relevant dynamics at low computational cost and interface to the DC link through bidirectional high-gain DC–DC converters. Uncertainty arising from driving profiles, temperature, parameter drift, and charging access is addressed through scenario generation and uncertainty quantification, enabling risk-aware sizing and control with chance constraints and tail metrics. Frequency-domain role allocation is formalized: SCs supply fast pulses, batteries provide slow energy, and fuel cells, when present, deliver baseload. A sizing example for the SC bank illustrates how acceleration dictates peak power requirements and how series or parallel choices set stack voltage, capacitance, and equivalent series resistance. The framework advances hybrid energy storage system design from deterministic, cycle-specific tuning to distribution-aware co-design that preserves DC-link quality, limits recovery currents, and mitigates battery aging under real operating variability.

 

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